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Old Cairo, Cairo, Egypt, 1990

"Built inside the Citadel, the former headquarters of Egypt's rulers, the Turkish-style [Muhammad Ali] mosque honors the early 19th-century leader credited with bringing the nation and Cairo out of a medieval past—and into vexing modern times."

—Text from "Cairo: Clamorous Heart of Egypt," April 1993, National Geographic magazine

(Photographed on assignment for, but not published in, "Ibn Battuta: Prince of Travelers," December 1991, National Geographic magazine)

Photograph by James L. Stanfield